The Maldives' gradual conversion to Islam was impacted by its strategic trading connections, cultural interactions, and physical location. Buddhism and older types of Hinduism were practiced by the Maldivians before to Islam. Buddhist stupas and monasteries are among the cultural and archaeological remnants of these ancient religions that can still be seen today.
Situated along key Indian Ocean trade routes, the Maldives played a crucial role in connecting the Middle East, India, Southeast Asia, and East Africa. Arab traders frequently visited the islands to obtain cowrie shells—an important form of currency in many ancient societies—along with dried fish and coconuts. These traders introduced not only goods but also their religion and customs, fostering cultural exchange. Over time, their influence expanded as they developed strong ties with local leaders and communities.
A turning point in Maldivian Islamic history occurred in 1153. According to legend, Moroccan traveler and scholar Abu al-Barakat Yusuf al-Barbari (or al-Tamimi, depending on the account) played a key role in the king’s conversion. Sri Tribuvana Aditiya, the Maldivian king, is said to have embraced Islam following al-Barakat’s arrival and spiritual guidance. In some versions of the story, the scholar is credited with saving the islands from a sea demon (jinni) demanding virgin sacrifices, strengthening his influence and the appeal of Islam.
Following the king’s conversion, he adopted the Islamic name Sultan Muhammad al-Adil and declared Islam the state religion. This decision unified the islands under a common faith, providing a stronger sense of identity and cohesion in a society composed of many scattered atolls.
The adoption of Islam brought significant changes to Maldivian society:
Religious Leadership: Mosques replaced Buddhist temples as centers of worship and community life. Religious leaders, or imams, began guiding spiritual and social matters. Islamic Governance: The sultanate was established, aligning the Maldives with the Islamic political and legal traditions of the time. Islamic law (Sharia) became the basis for governance. Education and Language: Arabic became an important language for religious scholarship, and the local script, Thaana, was influenced by Arabic script.
The Maldives maintained close ties with the Islamic world after the conversion. The country’s leaders often interacted with Muslim scholars and rulers, reinforcing Islamic traditions and practices. Over time, Sunni Islam became deeply ingrained in the daily lives and identity of the Maldivian people.
Today, the Maldives is one of the world's most devoutly Muslim nations. Islam plays a central role in Maldivian culture, law, and governance. The country's constitution mandates Sunni Islam as the state religion, and all citizens are required to be Muslim. This deep connection to Islam has persisted for nearly 900 years, shaping the Maldives' identity and way of life.
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